Light-powered microbes are super-producing chemical factories

Researchers from Japan engineered a method that allows bacteria to use light for external energy to accelerate biomanufacturing of target compounds without disrupting the host microorganism's natural metabolism

Apr 4, 2022●Engineering

Sharing is key to living in society, whether it’s toddlers sharing toys or nations sharing natural resources; but there’s no avoiding the fact that one side getting more means that the other side gets less. Now, researchers from Osaka University, in collaboration with the University of Shizuoka and Kobe University, have found a way to get around the need for sharing energy in biomanufacturing, so that the cellular pathways dedicated to generating the product always get more.

In a study published recently in Metabolic Engineering, the researchers have revealed that microorganisms can be engineered to use light for energy, freeing up cellular resources to produce biomanufactured products.

Metabolically engineered microorganisms are used to produce various useful chemicals throughout the world, but there’s a catch: both microbial growth and chemical synthesis require a molecule called ATP as an energy source. Because of this, keeping the cellular “factories” healthy limits chemical production.

“Microorganisms that produce useful substances are usually developed by modifying metabolism to convert energy that would normally be used for growth into a resource for synthesizing these target substances,” explains Yoshihiro Toya, first author on the study. “We reasoned that instead we could use light, an external energy source, to improve production of useful substances without disrupting the microorganisms’ natural metabolism.”

To test this, the researchers introduced a heterologous membrane protein called rhodopsin into Escherichia coli, a common microorganism used in biomanufacturing. Rhodopsin is a pump that is activated by light, and the action of the pump leads to the generation of ATP without using the cell’s natural machinery (known as the TCA cycle and respiratory chain) to produce it. This approach has the added benefit of reducing the emission of carbon dioxide, a byproduct of the TCA cycle.

“The results clearly showed the success of our strategy,” states Kiyotaka Y. Hara, project leader. “The cells expressing rhodopsin generated significantly more chemical products when exposed to light, and the carbon flow in these cells was directed away from energy generation and toward chemical synthesis.”

Once they had proved that this concept worked for various compounds such as 3-hydroxypropionate, mevalonate, and glutathione, the researchers went on to create three new strains of E. coli. One of these strains expressed super-rhodopsins with even better pump activities than the original rhodopsin that was tested; this strain was developed by Dr Toya’s group at Osaka University. The other two strains incorporated synthetic biological systems that provided an intrinsic supply of retinal, the activator of rhodopsin, and optimized the balanced expression of multiple genes in the relevant metabolic pathway; these strains were established by Dr Jun Ishii’s group at Kobe University. Finally, Dr Hara’s group at the University of Shizuoka integrated all of these systems into a single E. coli strain that produces a chemical in a light-dependent manner.

“Our findings suggest that biomanufactured microorganisms designed to use light for energy source can be used to efficiently biosynthesize useful target compounds,” states Hara.

This new approach is expected to increase the efficiency of producing useful materials through fermentation and other bioprocesses while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions.

Fig.1 Light-powering acceleration of ATP-driven production of useful chemical in E. coli expressing rhodopsin.
Generally, E. coli pumps protons into extracellular space by the respiratory chain with consuming carbon atoms in the TCA cycle, produces ATP by ATP synthase using the generated proton gradient across the membrane, and drives various metabolic activities using the ATP. In contrast, our engineered E. coli expressing rhodopsin can pump proton using light energy and produce ATP without losing carbon atoms as CO2. Therefore, the cell can effectively produce some useful chemicals that require ATP for the synthesis.

(credit: Kiyotaka Y. Hara)

Fig. 2 Colors of E. coli expressing various rhodopsins.

To screen a novel rhodopsin with strong proton pumping activities, we compared 43 rhodopsins. (credit: Kiyotaka Y. Hara)

The article, “Optogenetic reprogramming of carbon metabolism using light-powering microbial proton pump systems,” was published in Metabolic Engineering at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.012.