Study shows key factors for reducing brain damage from cardiac arrest
Osaka University-led research finds predictors of better response to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), which can improve blood flow
People who suffer cardiac arrest usually have low likelihood of survival, especially if it happens out of the hospital. Those who do survive can have neurological damage due to the lack of oxygen-rich blood reaching their brain. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can help maintain this blood flow, but it’s not always successful. Extracorporeal CPR (ECPR) may be an option, but it can be costly and it’s not always clear which patients it will benefit.
Now, Osaka University-led research may have uncovered how to more effectively use ECPR for better outcomes. The researchers reported their findings in the journal, Circulation .
“Standard CPR uses chest compressions to manually stimulate blood flow to vital organs, which can help limit long-term neurological damage,” explains Tasuku Matsuyama, the study’s lead author. “With ECPR, blood is removed from a vein and oxygenated blood is pumped into an artery. This is a more effective way to maintain tissue function until normal heart rhythms can be restored.”
Right now, however, there is little evidence-based guidance on which patients will show the most neurological benefit from ECPR.
The researchers sought this evidence through a multicenter clinical study of people who had suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). In what was called the CRITICAL study, the aim was to understand the factors that predict post-ECPR outcomes.
“We aimed to see whether low-flow duration – the length of time from when a patient is given standard CPR to when they receive ECPR – impacts the neurological outcome for OHCA patients,” says Taro Irisawa, who led CRITICAL. “We also wanted to understand if there were any differences in ECPR benefit for patients with certain types of heart rhythm that respond to defibrillation.”
The researchers prospectively followed 256 OHCA patients at 14 hospitals in Osaka. These patients had initially been given CPR either by bystanders or EMS personnel before receiving ECPR and in-hospital treatment.
The study found that as the time to receiving ECPR decreased, the chance of maintaining brain function went considerably up. Also, when undergoing the same amount of time before receiving ECPR, those who had heart rhythms that responded to defibrillation had much better odds of maintaining brain function than those who did not.
“Our study strongly indicates that reducing the time to ECPR can significantly improve the likelihood of OHCA patients preserving their neurological function, especially those who respond to defibrillation,” Irisawa concludes. “We expect that our findings in the CRITICAL study can inform future revisions to international CPR guidelines. This will improve outcomes for these patients.”
Fig.1 Probability of favorable neurological outcome by low flow duration of ECPR according to the documented cardiac rhythm during CPR (credit: Osaka University)
Fig.2 Time course until the initiation of ECPR
The article, “Impact of low-flow duration on favorable neurological outcomes of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A multicenter prospective study” was published in Circulation at DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044285 .
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